In Lesson 4 you will be introduced to some new information about conjunctions, particles and adverbs.

1. Conjunctions – Use of the word а for emphasis.
2. Particles – Use of the particle ось for emphasis.
3. Adverbs – Distinction between удома / вдома and додому, as well as the meaning and use of the adverb шкода.

Сполучники Conjunctions

The conjunction а was introduced in Unit II as a creative way to begin an interrogative sentence.

А що ти робиш?

However, when used within a sentence, it emphasizes different actions/situations occurring within the same time frame. The word a commonly combines two simple sentences into one compound sentence.

Мама йде додому, а я йду на волейбол.

In compound sentences, the conjunction а is preceded by a comma in order to place emphasis on the comparative actions in each simple sentence.

Частки Particles

The particle ось is an emphatic expression used to draw attention toward someone or something.

Мамо, ось ідуть Тарас і Роман!

The phrase above could be translated as follows:

Mother, here come Taras and Roman.

Прислівники Adverbs

The adverb of place додому is an expression which indicates that there is movement towards a particular destination. In this case, it means moving toward someone’s home. The word додому is a combination of a preposition and a noun, as shown below.

до + дому = додому

The word дому is derived from the root word дім (home). Therefore, together with the preposition до (to) this compound word means “to home”.

Мама вдома.

Mother is (at) home.

Мама йде додому, а я йду на волейбол. Mother is going (to) home, and I am going to/for* volleyball.

* This could be taken to mean “going to a volleyball game” or “going for a volleyball practise”.

The adverb шкода is used to express disappointment or sympathy. It is similar to the English expression “Too bad” or “ How unfortunate”.

Ти не йдеш на футбол? Шкода!

V. Exercise 4.i

Choose the word which best fits the sentence.

1. Мама не ________________. __________ !
   
2. ______________! Роман не йде на гокей.
   
3. Леся грає в карти, __________ Даруся грає в шахи.
   
4. ____________ іде тато.
   
5. Я йду ____________ читати журнал, __________ Роман іде на теніс.
   
6. __________ там ідуть хлопці.
   
7. Данило має квитки, __________ не йде на футбол. ____________!

Practise reading each sentence aloud, playing close attention to intonation and expression.